Given this pattern, IS Central’s relative decline has had little impact on its African affiliates-who are likely to remain committed to the Caliphate’s cause for the foreseeable future. By examining the rise and development of eight Islamic State ‘cells’, the authors show how, having pledged allegiance to IS Central, cells evolved mostly autonomously, using the IS brand as a means for accrual of power, but, in practice, receiving relatively little if any direction or material support from central command. The Islamic State in Africa suggests that this puzzle can be explained by the emergence and evolution of Islamic State’s provinces in Africa, which it calls ‘sovereign subordinates’. ![]() Why, in Africa, did the two major setbacks of 2019 have so little impact on support for Islamic State? In the Account Settings window, select the account for which you want to change the default (you’ve probably only got one account) and then click the Change button. Yet its affiliates endure, particularly in Africa: nearly all of Islamic State’s cells on the continent have reaffirmed their allegiance, attacks have continued in its name, many groups have been reinvigorated, and a new province has emerged. In Outlook, head to File > Account Settings and then select Account Settings from the drop-down menu. ![]() These setbacks seemed to herald the Caliphate’s death knell, and many now forecast its imminent demise. ![]() In 2019, Islamic State lost its last remaining sliver of territory in Syria, and its Caliph, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was killed.
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